At first, the movement of the train is very slow. However, the supply
of cannon balls is being used up with the continuous firing, reducing
the total mass of the train car.
You've already learned that the force of the cannonballs must equal
the force of the cannon/train car combo. (F=ma=ma) So if the force of
the cannonballs stays the same, then the force of the train car must
stay the same--but you've just seen that the mass of the train car is
going down.
What this means is that for the force to stay the same, the acceleration
must go up when the mass goes down. As a result, the train car will
accelerate faster and faster as the cannonballs are used.